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The Gendered Self: LGBTQ+ Narratives in Global Media, Volume II
Edited by
Tamanna M. Shah, Ohio University
and Sonali Jha, Ohio University
Availability: In stock
140pp. ¦ $97 £73 €83
'The Gendered Self: LGBTQ+ Narratives in Global Media, Volume II' challenges the restrictive frameworks that have long defined gender and sexuality. Moving beyond simplistic dichotomies, this volume explores how LGBTQ+ identities are shaped, represented, and contested across diverse cultural, historical, and political contexts. Through case studies from Turkey, the United States, China, and India, contributors reveal the lived complexities of queer experience. Chapters trace transgender journeys of identity transformation, dissect the weaponization of queer bodies in moral panics, and analyze the digital self-representations of Chinese gay men. Others investigate how Indian OTT platforms and Malayalam cinema expand space for queer narratives, while historical accounts of activists like Paula Grossman illustrate the fraught relationship between representation, activism, and backlash. Across these explorations, the volume highlights how media, politics, and cultural traditions simultaneously affirm and erase queer lives. It uncovers the deep roots of erasure in mythology and religion, while also showing how digital platforms and popular culture create new opportunities for resistance and recognition. This collection insists that the “gendered self” must be understood as fluid, intersectional, and culturally situated, pushing readers to reimagine identity beyond binaries and toward broader visions of inclusion and justice.
Fashion’s Missing Masses: The representation of marginalized populations in collections and exhibitions of dress
Edited by
Kenna Libes, Bard Graduate Center
Availability: Pre-order
$130 £100 €119
'Fashion’s Missing Masses' fills a gap in literature on museums and fashion collections and focuses on the display of clothing and fashion that has historically been left out of the canon. The fifteen essays in this volume span topics on Indigenous and traditional dress; disabled and fat bodies; and queer and ethnic identities. Their authors study the ways that dress and textiles have been collected, displayed, and often ignored across a century and a half of museum exhibitions. Representation and inclusion in fashion museums is a new and rapidly evolving area of research in the reexamination of dress history. These chapters provide unique information and perspectives on curation, collections management, conservation, and research, which will be valuable to a wide group of audiences working, teaching, and learning in and about museums. This volume touches on practical concerns of exhibition, including mannequin availability and difficulties of mounting dress, as well as broader questions of scholarship and activism that will be key for educators and researchers who wish to stay abreast of developments in this field. Diversity in fashion is a hot topic, and understanding the line between tokenization and representation in spaces of institutional authority is crucial to learning how we can better serve our diverse populations in the teaching of history.
India, Pakistan and the Sharike-Bazi: An Alternate Understanding of the Cousin Rivalry
Jawad Kadir
Availability: Forthcoming
$71 £55 €66
Despite using the metaphors of kin-states and blood-brothers for the India-Pakistan conflict, there is limited work exploring this phenomenon. India-Pakistan relations have mostly been theorized by situating them along with a bipolar ethnic and religious framework. This book presents a fresh conflict model to theorize their rivalry by positioning them as warring family branches with common ancient and cultural history. Therefore, this book not only competes with the existing literature but also claims to break new theoretical ground in the subject. This book will be of interest to researchers looking to theorize intergroup conflicts, academicians, students, social activists, politicians, practitioners, track-2 diplomats and above all, the policy makers in both countries. This book has theorized the tensions and dynamics of the India-Pakistan conflict as a process akin to a typical large South Asian family dispute after dividing its tangible assets. Categorizing and depicting India and Pakistan as two segments of such a large family, quarreling over gaining more prestige against the other after dividing ancestral land, this study does not remain unaware of other, larger pushes and pulls experienced in this intractable conflict, interfering in significant ways in the relationship between the partitioning members of the extended family. Arguing for the centrality of the concept of family relations in this context made increasing sense also as an explanation for the intensity of local emotions visible in this complex conflict. The core argument here is that the intractability, intensity, and intimacy associated with various dimensions of the India-Pakistan conflict can be better explained by analyzing it as a dispute between two warring branches of a huge joint family with an enormously rich and diverse ancient history.
Women Empowerment for Gender Equality Volume 2
Diverse Initiatives from Across the World
Edited by
Anita Brandon, UNFPA, India
Availability: In stock
218pp. ¦ $111 £86 €102
This volume brings together powerful voices and lived experiences from across the globe, spotlighting how women are transforming their realities through health initiatives, education, entrepreneurship, social activism, and legal reforms. From rural India to urban Kenya, from the classrooms of Bangladesh to the legislative halls of the U.S., these stories reveal the multiple layers of struggle and strength that define the global movement for gender equality. Drawing from regions as diverse as Iran, Nigeria, and Latin America, the case studies dive deep into the intersections of gender with caste, age, class, and migration, showing how empowerment is not one-size-fits-all, but built through cultural context, resilience, and community. At the heart of this collection is a bold call to action: to rethink how we measure progress and to center women’s realities in policymaking and advocacy. Whether addressing reproductive health, digital entrepreneurship, or the challenges of elderly and immigrant women, the book highlights strategies that are as practical as they are inspiring. Finally, it offers a rich, comparative lens on how far we’ve come—and how much further we must go—to achieve true gender equality.
Women Empowerment Volume 1
Political, Economic and Legal Empowerment: Initiatives from Different Countries
Edited by
Anita Brandon, UNFPA, India
Availability: In stock
264pp. ¦ $113 £87 €104
This volume on Women Empowerment is a showcase for readers interested in case studies on Women Empowerment in the Political, Economic, and Legal Contexts from different countries across the world. The case studies here are presented under four sub-themes.
Going Feral: Speculative Approaches to Animism in the Arts
Edited by
Dawn Woolley, Leeds Arts University
and Paula Chambers, Leeds Arts University
Availability: In stock
286pp. ¦ $116 £89 €107
This edited volume presents critical analyses of animism in the arts with a focus on the boundary practices of going feral. Reconsidering the question posed by Cecilia Alemani, Venice Biennale 2022 curator, authors explore ‘what would life look like without us?’, in a world activated by things and a post-humanist animism. These speculative discussions are developed in this volume, in which we consider how the process and practices of going feral might materialise through and across creative investigations. Going feral is a provocative call to untame, queer and radicalize feminist thought and practice, producing more-than-human, multispecies entanglements, and processes of dynamic resistance. The chapters critically analyse processes of going feral in artworks and art practices ranging from fine art, art history and performance to architecture, video games and poetry. They consider how going feral allows audiences to form meaningful relationships with spoiled landscapes, develop human and non-human communities, and to reimagine the domestic and the everyday through the prism of new animism. The creative practices discussed are geographically diverse, including examples from South Africa, Brazil, Ukraine, South Korea, Mexico, the Caribbean, Europe and North America. Through these wide-ranging approaches and case studies, the book asks, what are potential futures materialised through artworks that rethink the present as a world populated by things, a place where the sensibility of materials becomes carriers of agency? This edited volume argues that animism and ferality are vital tools for artists and creative professionals to describe and critique the increasing inequalities and continuous states of emergency that characterise late-stage capitalism. The concept of going feral is a critical framework to frame contemporary issues such as environmentalism, waste and discard studies, and speculate ways of decentring anthropomorphism.
Into the Fire: The Intersection of Race and Communication
Edited by
Leland Harper, Siena Heights University
Availability: In stock
230pp. ¦ $114 £88 €105
Through the presentation of various perspectives, this collection of essays addresses some of the intersections of race and communication. The topics addressed include, but are not limited to, how we communicate about race, what our race communicates to others, how we can do a better job of educating others on race-related issues, and how we can better define certain terms often utilized in conversations about race. The perspectives shared in this volume contribute much-needed depth to the discussion of the philosophical and practical considerations of race and communication, broadly.
Total Marketing: The business of integrating consumers, employees, and company networks
Frank Pagano
and Mara Cassinari
Availability: In stock
180pp. ¦ $63 £48 €58
Exponential technologies are giving superpowers to humans and data, unlocking tremendous value, with major efficiencies to be gained while running the planet. In today’s digital age, to use the marketing jargon, creating connections that are seamless, efficient, and technology-driven is not just an advantage; it’s a necessity for businesses of all sizes, public and private. Welcome to the world of Total Marketing, namely a comprehensive and holistic approach that brings together all stakeholders into a cohesive and interconnected ecosystem, powered by tech. A new marketing needs experiences that are heavily imbued with technology. To use Gartner’s terminology, it needs a Total Experience as its foundation. Total Marketing is created by an ever-changing layer of exponential technologies, among which AI, of course, and blockchains, and by the need for a culture change across the whole web of consumers, employees and suppliers. The truth is, we are all linked, and our goal should be to increase social capital for everyone and reach service excellence, with minimum impact on the outer community, and zero noise and negative externalities. Total Marketing means that our input, whoever we are in the food chain, is captured via a hybrid net of phygital interfaces and devices, and processed instantly and intelligently, with the final output being the result of the perfect allocation and use of available resources, served to anyone in a fair and ultra-personalized fashion, measured exactly against their needs and desires, present and future. There will be no other way to do business in the future.
Thriving in the EdTech Revolution: A Practical Guide to Technology Integration in Teacher Education
Edited by
Harshith B. Nair, Regional Institute of Education (NCERT), Mysuru, India et al.
Availability: Forthcoming
$110 £85 €101
In an era where digital transformation is reshaping education, this book is a vital guide for educators, researchers, and policymakers navigating technology integration into learning. It explores educational technology’s theoretical foundations and practical applications, emphasizing innovative strategies to enhance teaching and learning. From artificial intelligence and machine learning to blended learning models and virtual reality, the book provides actionable insights into leveraging cutting-edge tools effectively while addressing critical issues like the digital divide, ethical technology use, and equitable access. Positioned at the intersection of pedagogy and technology, the work draws on global case studies and frameworks such as TPACK to present adaptable solutions for diverse educational contexts. It is unique in its focus on foundational and emerging trends, and it supports educators in building digital competencies and fostering student-centered learning environments. Designed for classroom adoption, professional development, and research, this book is an indispensable resource for teacher educators, in-service teachers, policymakers, and educational researchers committed to transforming education for the digital age. Its blend of actionable strategies, ethical considerations, and future-focused discussions equips readers to embrace technology as a tool for innovation and inclusivity in teaching and learning.
Cinematic Ecosystems: Screen Encounters with More-than-Humans in the Era of Environmental Crisis
Edited by
Mary Hegedus, York University
and Jessica Mulvogue, University of St Andrews
Availability: In stock
390pp. ¦ $124 £96 €115
Motivated by the exigency of climate change, 'Cinematic Ecosystems: Screen Encounters with More-than-Humans in the Era of Environmental Crisis' takes cinema to be an audiovisual form whose creation and meaning are deeply connected to more-than-human worlds. As part of the third wave of ecocinema studies, this collection gathers contributions on multiple cinema forms from an international group of scholars and artists who offer diverse, critical perspectives that respond to the question: How does cinema help or hinder us in coming to know the more-than-human world? The collection homes in on the concept of the ecosystem as a biological and technological system that comprises a network of inter-relational living and their inanimate elemental affordances to explore encounters with cinema as a material object and practice, a spectatorial experience, and a representational text. The chapters cover environmental topics that span five continents and multiple histories. This book will be of special interest to film studies scholars and artists interested in cinema and climate change, environmental justice, and posthumanism.
Philosophy between the Islamicate and Latin American Traditions
Civilizational Perspectives on Alienation/Ghayriyya (Otherness) in the Knowing/Existing
Edited by
Anthony F. Shaker
and Amílcar Aldama Cruz, Havana University, Cuba; Al-Mustafa International University, Iran; “Dr. Osvaldo A. Machado Mouret” Center for Arab and Persian Islamic Studies, Argentina
Availability: In stock
286pp. ¦ $117 £90 €107
Latin America is a diverse mosaic of cultures that trace their origins back to Indigenous, African, Spanish, Portuguese and Islamic sources. Its philosophies, eloquently expressed by a long line of thinkers, are found not just in departments of philosophy, but also in its rich literature and art, which are given treatment in this volume. The Islamicate world is a unique, fourteen-century-old cultural mosaic that covers much of the known world. Despite its long civilizational experience, it too faces the challenge of emancipation from foreign domination and the chaotic cacophony of monologues afflicting our time. The papers collected here cover various aspects of the philosophies of these two constantly interacting traditions and how they impinge on an old problematic: “ghayriyya” (otherness) and “alienation”. Their themes include key figures like Ibn ʿArabī, Suhrawardī, Aḥmad b. Muṣṭafa al-ʿAlawī, Rudolfo Kusch, José Martí, Spain’s Moriscos, and contemporary Argentine philosophers; and expanding areas of research like the philosophy of the Nahua (popularly known as the “Aztec”) and the language reforms in Türkiye, both of which provide excellent examples of cultural self-alienation.
Manet’s Ironic Duplicity: Hamlet, Baudelaire, and Masculinity
James H. Rubin, Stony Brook, State University of New York
Availability: Forthcoming
$129 £99 €118
The painter Edouard Manet (1832-1883) was a central figure for momentous and lasting changes in the realm of art that still resound today. His art speaks directly to the philosophical issues and political conflicts of his own time and is therefore deeply embedded in the development of modernity. 'Manet’s Ironic Duplicity' focuses on that situation and the historically conscious artist’s sometimes ambivalent struggle for authenticity. Rather than another full chronological monograph, the book is an interdisciplinary study organized around key concepts. It reframes the major, and sometimes disparate issues in Manet scholarship by focusing on a never-before-considered overriding theme—duplicity—which itself is multiple in its manifestations and variants, hence 'duplicities'. Reversing the usual narrative, this study deconstructs and enlightens the myth of the heroic artist struggling for individual and original vision by revealing how so much of Manet’s creativity and irony was prompted by frustrations due to repressive politics, censorship, and challenges to his sense of self. A key aspect of the latter was his masculinity. Although Manet’s association with the ideas of the poet and critic Charles Baudelaire is well known, never has Baudelaire’s essay 'On the Essence of Laughter and the Comic in the Visual Arts' been brought to bear on the concept of irony in Manet’s work. Given Baudelaire’s rapprochement between actors and artists, as well as Manet’s familiarity with the theatrical milieu, the book focuses on Manet’s two little-studied representations of 'Hamlet' as both the starting and end point of its analysis. It then concludes with a re-reading of the painter’s illustrated letters to women as a dissimulation of his final, fatal illness in order to maintain his masculine honor.
The Sound of the Past: Echoes and Incantations in Eliot, H.D., and Woolf
Edited by
Steven Minas et al.
Availability: Pre-order
$112 £87 €103
'The Sound of the Past' collects nine essays on the topic of Modernism and its relationship to past histories, literatures, artworks, environments, and cultural moments. The collection specifically explores the way sound informs the work of T. S. Eliot, H.D. (Hilda Doolittle), and Virginia Woolf. Some chapters address sound through allusion and prosody, while others do so through travel and “anaesthetics.” Sound allows echoing, seeming, voicing, announcing, scaling, plunging, and hearing. These allowances offer a wide approach to both literary and sound studies. This collection addresses various genres, including the long poem, the novel, the travelogue, and the “it-narrative.” As such, it will be a useful collection for anyone interested in the multiform way Modernist writers echo or channel their precursors.
Surrealism and Ecology
Edited by
Iveta Slavkova, American University Paris, France et al.
Availability: Available 4 weeks
248pp. ¦ $113 £87 €104
'Surrealism and Ecology' is the first volume to consider the intersections of these two fields. It addresses the contribution of the avant-gardes in thinking about the relationship of humans with their environment in the context of massive environmental upheaval in the twentieth century. This volume explores the significant role of Surrealist artists and writers within the history of critical thinking about nature and environment over the last hundred years. It approaches ecology both as a mode of thinking about the many interconnections of life and as a way of experiencing and knowing the world. The relationship of humans with their environment is of paramount significance within contemporary discourse, and the contribution of the historical avant-gardes to this topic remains largely underexplored. In addressing this gap, the book presents a diverse selection of analyses of the ways in which the Surrealists have thought about and represented nature and the human place within it. It emphasises how Surrealism’s interventions in connecting seemingly distinct domains of thought and phenomena can be understood as relevant to more recent developments in the practice of ecological thought. Surrealist practices and the academic field of Surrealism studies are broad in scope and include not only visual art, but also poetry and literature, film, philosophy, exhibition design, and experimental practice. This volume includes contributions from established and developing scholars working across disciplines and locations, who address such varied practices and engage with analyses from multiple perspectives. The international and trans-Atlantic history of Surrealism is well-represented in this book, with over half the texts exploring the work of European Surrealists in exile during the Second World War or the art and environmental and political activism of Surrealists in the Caribbean and throughout the Americas.
The Insides of the Outsider: Women and the Poetics of Space and Place
Edited by
Mariangela Ugarelli
Availability: In stock
170pp. ¦ $91 £70 €84
When asked if being a woman had a negative impact on her ability to succeed as a writer, Argentine poet Alejandra Pizarnik stated that, even if not a physical impediment, being a woman in a patriarchal society is ‘a tragedy’ in itself. She followed this comment by saying: ‘What matters is what we do with our own tragedies’. Beyond sex assigned at birth, feminized bodies around the world share a similar phenomenological experience, which is dictated by a complicated relationship to space. Before setting pen to paper, the woman writer, a monster herself within patriarchal discourse, must confront the role society has set for her. For a writer in a feminized body, thus, the act of writing never begins with a tabula rasa but with a refusal and a challenge, an ushering out of the supposed ‘eden’ of the domestic. The question of the women-writer’s space is further exacerbated when considering matters of intersectionality. The poetics of space and place change within the confines of different geopolitical structures and their relations amongst each other. How do they shift when the center becomes de-centered and writing stems not from a place of political power but from the quieted voices of minor literature, queer and racialized bodies or subalternized latitudes? This volume will attempt to address these questions with input from a diverse group of scholars dealing with an equally diverse corpus. North and Latin America converse with Europe while ‘genre’ literature, minor literature and ‘gendered’ literatures take center stage. By taking into account a wide array of cultural objects, from poetry and children’s literature to Gothic tales and television shows, this collection of articles reveals the profound link between space and the female experience through the lens of art and literature.
Women and Religion in Britain Today: Rites and Rituals
Edited by
Yvonne Bennett, Canterbury Christ Church University
Availability: In stock
178pp. ¦ $92 £71 €84
This book is the second volume edited by Yvonne Bennett examining the lived religious lives of women in 21st-century Britain. The authors continue to explore contemporary women’s spirituality by looking at the way women use rituals and rites within their lives. Coming from different academic fields, the contributors bring together an interdisciplinary collection of voices on the topic of rituals and ritualistic behaviours. The chapters are woven together to shine a heterogeneous light on religion in the twenty-first century and the impact it has on women in Britain today. The volume also examines the editors’ own spirituality alongside that of the participants, offering a hybrid academic-practitioner viewpoint on ritual. The chapters begin and end with a philosophical examination of ritual and the manner in which ritualistic behaviours are incorporated into human experience. This book takes the reader on a journey from the cradle to the grave and from medieval history to the present day.
Cultural Influences and International Students
Understanding Academic Experiences in US Higher Education
Kruti S. Chaliawala, Boise State University
Availability: In stock
158pp. ¦ $63 £48 €58
Navigating the intricate landscape of U.S. higher education can be profoundly challenging for international students. This groundbreaking work offers a vital, dual perspective, interweaving deeply personal lived experiences with rigorous academic research to illuminate the multifaceted journey of cultural and academic adaptation. Beyond the author’s compelling narrative in the preface, the book shares personal stories, making complex challenges tangible and relatable. From dissecting the nuances of U.S. grading systems and academic culture to exploring complex social integration, language proficiency hurdles, and the pervasive challenges of “othering” and discrimination, this book provides an honest and comprehensive account. A unique focus is placed on the distinct barriers faced by female students from conservative cultural backgrounds, offering empathetic insight into their unique struggles with participation, social norms, and mental well-being. Distinguished by its blend of personal narrative and evidence-based solutions, this book transcends mere description. It critically examines the role of institutional support, advocating for culturally sensitive mentorship, inclusive classroom practices, tailored mental health services, and essential cultural competency training for faculty and staff. 'Cultural Influences and International Students' is an indispensable resource for current and prospective international students seeking to understand and prepare for their journey. It is also an essential guide for higher education professionals, including faculty, advisors, administrators, and policymakers, providing actionable strategies to foster truly inclusive environments. This work stands as a powerful call to action for transforming U.S. campuses into spaces where every international student can thrive academically and personally.
Dante the Heretic: An Exploration of Cathar Beliefs in the Divine Comedy
Edited by
Caterina Soresina Stoppani
Availability: Pre-order
$63 £48 €58
The purpose of this book is to demonstrate that Cathar doctrine is the main source of Dante's poem and to encourage readers to approach this work with fresh eyes, beyond the interpretative frameworks that are often worn. With detailed references to Dante's text, persuasive arguments, lucid and concrete exposition, and a direct and easy-to-follow style, Maria Soresina progressively presents the links between the ‘Divine Comedy’ and Catharism, which she has been investigating since the end of the last century. The text analyzes Cathar characters with respect to the doctrine. The Cathars were Christians, but their beliefs were very different from those of the Catholic Church. The author analyzes their philosophy, followed by verses of Dante that demonstrate agreement with it and distance from the Catholic Church. In addition to the great doctrinal questions, there are many Cathar beliefs and customs, all of which, such as their being vegetarians, find precise confirmation in the verses of the ‘Divine Comedy’. The Cathars had only one sacrament, the ‘consolamentum’. A long chapter is dedicated to demonstrating that Dante's journey through Purgatory corresponds to the various phases of this sacrament, within which the figure of Beatrice has a particular meaning, a woman whom Dante probably never met and never loved. This text offers non-Italian-speaking readers the chance to engage with these interpretive theories, destabilizing the canonical criticism and forcing a re-examination of sources and historical context.
Soviet Policies on Gender, Education and Culture
Edited by
Christina Engelmann, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany et al.
Availability: Forthcoming
$119 £90 €103
In times of increased East-West confrontation and various global crises, it becomes increasingly clear that, for most people, the neoliberal restructuring of society has not resulted in greater freedom or a more self-determined lifestyle. Instead, we are experiencing a precarization of working and living conditions, rising isolation, and a widespread sense of political powerlessness linked to the rise of right-wing governments, nationalist, and far-right forces in recent years. In light of these developments, it is especially important to take an unbiased look at concepts and practical models for alternative social and political change and to reflect on what lessons can be learned from historical events for today’s politics. The Soviet example appears particularly instructive, as the October Revolution of 1917 marked the start of a period of profound change in which a fundamentally different culture and education system emerged in just a few months and years. As this volume’s contributions demonstrate, the complex transformation process in the early years of the Soviet Union involved both the creation of new elements and the preservation of old ones. As the interview with Kristen R. Ghodsee shows, figures like Alexandra Kollontai, through their progressive socialist theory and practice, brought about sweeping changes that extended beyond the sphere of production. They fundamentally transformed social life as a whole, especially gender relations, leading to significant improvements in living conditions – particularly for female workers – and achievements such as public childcare. The contributions and the interview with Dietmar Dath also explore the development of a new education system and the restructuring of art and culture, as well as their significance beyond the historical contexts in which they originated, continuing to influence today. Through this, the volume aims to open new perspectives on the legacy of Soviet education, gender, and cultural policies and to provide insightful analyses and materials for researchers in disciplines such as educational sciences, history, art and cultural studies, literature, social and political science, anthropology, philosophy, and gender studies.
Customary International Law: A Comprehensive Study of State Practice, Opinio Juris, and the Legitimacy of Norm Formation
November 2025 / ISBN: 979-8-8819-0424-1Availability: In stock
186pp. ¦ $68 £51 €59
This comprehensive study provides an essential examination of customary international law, addressing one of the most fundamental yet frequently misunderstood sources of international legal norms. The work bridges critical gaps in contemporary understanding through rigorous doctrinal analysis, extensive jurisprudential discussion, and illuminating case illustrations that demonstrate how custom operates within the global legal framework. As an authoritative reference tool, this volume serves legal scholars, practitioners, and students seeking to understand the complex mechanisms through which customary international law develops and functions, providing clear frameworks for identifying and interpreting customary norms across diverse legal contexts through its systematic approach to analyzing state practice and opinio juris. Beyond its reference value, the book offers practical methodological guidance for researchers investigating customary law formation. By examining evidentiary challenges and providing analytical frameworks, it equips scholars with robust tools for conducting empirical research on state practice and assessing the legitimacy of emerging international norms. The work’s structured approach to jurisprudential analysis serves as a valuable template for systematic legal research, while international law professionals will find the study particularly valuable for its practical applications in legal practice and policy development. The comprehensive exploration of norm formation processes, combined with detailed case studies, provides practitioners with insights essential for advocacy, treaty negotiation, and dispute resolution. Researchers benefit from the work’s contribution to theoretical understanding while gaining access to methodologies that enhance the consistency and reliability of customary law interpretation. This study ultimately advances the field by clarifying persistent ambiguities in customary international law, offering a more coherent understanding of its evolving role in contemporary global governance and legal order.